The ionosphere for radio amateurs — D, E and F layers
How the Sun creates D, E and F regions, refraction vs a “mirror”, absorption, MUF, LUF, the skip zone, and day/season/solar-cycle effects on HF.
Sources
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NOAA / NWS SWPC — Ionosphere
NOAA / NWS SWPC
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NOAA / NWS SWPC — Space Weather Glossary
NOAA / NWS SWPC
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NOAA SWPC — Global D-Region Absorption Prediction documentation
NOAA / NWS SWPC
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NOAA SWPC — Ionosphere overview (verified excerpt)
NOAA / NWS SWPC
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NOAA SWPC glossary — D, E, F, MUF, ionosphere (verified excerpt)
NOAA / NWS SWPC
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NOAA SWPC — D-region absorption (verified excerpt)
NOAA / NWS SWPC